The most efficient method for gold extraction is froth flotation

World history is full of changes, but there has always been at least one constant – get as much gold as possible! Gold has built empires, maintained the world economy, and revolutionized technology. Not many people think about it, but in many ways, gold is critical to our way of life. Unfortunately, it’s not abundant. Gold that can no longer serve its original purpose must be recycled. When new sources of gold are discovered, none of it can be lost or wasted. That’s why humankind has continually evolved the process of extracting gold over the centuries to the point where every gold molecule in a sample of ore can be accounted for. But, the most efficient method for gold extraction is froth flotation. Along with mechanized mining, froth flotation allowed the best recovery of gold from much lower grade ore than before – making it perhaps the most important mining industry innovation of the 20th century.All of these gold extraction techniques utilize complex chemical reactions to work, but our infographic below should give you a basic understanding of the science behind each of their processes.

Although gold forms a large number of complexes with various ligands — thiourea, thiocyanate, cyanide, chloride, iodide, bromide, sulphide and thiosulphate among others — we are not aware of any work that bas been published regarding the interactions between activated carbon and gold complexes other than those with chloride and cyanide which are of prime metallurgical interest. It should also be mentioned that although this review is not claimed to be an exhaustive appraisal of all the papers published in the field, it nevertheless covers all the theories that have been advanced over the years to account for the strong adsorption of gold cyanide on activated carbon.

Activated carbon interacts in a very versatile wanner with inorganic species. In addition to being able to function as a simple adsorbent akin to polymeric adsorbents which load neutral organic molecules, it can also function as a reductant and under favourable conditions, for example in the presence of oxygen, as an oxidation catalyst. In fact, lome carbons, especially those prepared by the high temperature steam activation route, have been shown to have a reduction potential of about –0,14 V against the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) as measured by a graphite rod technique (24). Therefore, it is not suprising that with the gold chloride complex Au(Cl)4, for the reduction of which the potential E° is +0.8V against SCE, reduction by certain carbons to metallic gold occurs readily, as first observed by Brussov (25). Reduction proceeds by transfer of electrons from the interior to the surface of the carbon granule and the gold, even at relatively low loadings, is visible on the surface of the carbon (Figure 5). In this case, there is no difficulty in deciding on the adsorption mechanism. Similarly, gold complexes such as AuBr2 and AuI2 which have E° values of + 0.7 and + 0.3 V against SCE respectively, are loaded partially or completely by a reduction mechanism on activated carbons which have lower E° values, such as the –0.14 V mentioned above. The complex is reduced

to metallic gold which is retained on the external surface of the carbon granules by Van der Waals forces. On the other hand, the cyanide ion forms very strong complexes with gold (log(32 = 38), and a potential of –0.85 V against SCE is required to reduce Au(CN)2 to metallic gold. Therefore, it is generally regarded as.

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